Reynold B. Johnson

A native of Minnesota, Reynold B. Johnson was a graduate of the University of Minnesota (BS in Educational Administration, 1929). In the early 1930s, Johnson, then a high school science teacher in Michigan, invented an electronic test scoring machine that sensed pencil marks on a standardized form. IBM bought the rights to Reynold's invention and hired him as an engineer to work in their Endicott, New York laboratory. The test scoring machine was sold as the IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine beginning in 1937. One of Reynold's early assignments was to develop technology that allowed cards marked with pencil marks to be converted into punched cards. That allowed punched card data to be recorded by people using only a pencil. That "mark sense" technology was widely used by businesses in the 40s, 50s, and 60s. For example, the Bell System used mark sense technology to record long distance calls and utility companies used it to record meter readings. The Federal Government used it under the name "electrographic" technology. In 1952, IBM sent Johnson to San Jose, California, to set up and manage its West Coast Laboratory. In 1956, a research team led by Johnson developed disk data storage technology, which IBM released as the IBM 305 RAMAC. Although the first disk drive was crude by modern standards, it launched a multibillion dollar industry. Johnson was working with Sony on another project when he developed the prototype for a half inch videocassette tape. "Sony was using wider tape on reels. He cut the tape to a half an inch, and put it in a cartridge. The larger tapes weren't easy enough for kids to use, and his interest was in education and building a video textbook for kids,' said [Lou] Stevens" (Spiegelman, 1995). Johnson retired from IBM in 1971. He obtained more than 90 patents. After his retirement, he developed the microphonograph technology used in the Fisher Price "Talk to Me Books." The Talk to Me Books won a Toy of the Year award. This technology was also used by the Audubon Society to aid bird watchers with songbird identification. He received the National Medal of Technology from President Ronald Reagan in 1986. The IEEE Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Systems Award was established in 1991, and is each year presented to a small team or an individual that has made outstanding contributions to information storage systems. Johnson was awarded the Franklin Institute's Certificate of Merit in 1996. Johnson died in 1998, at the age of 92, of melanoma in Palo Alto, California.